Contents
XI
Integrated Regulation of Liver Glycogen
Metabolism
290
Glycogen Storage Diseases
291
15.3
Alternative Pathways of Glucose
Metabolism and Hexose
Interconversions
291
Glucuronic Acid Pathway
291
Fructose and Sorbitol Metabolism
296
Galactose Metabolism
297
Metabolism of Amino Sugars
298
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
298
Oxidative Phase
300
Nonoxidative Phase
300
Pentose Phosphate Pathway in
Red Blood Cells
301
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Deficiency
302
Phagocytosis and the Pentose Phosphate
Pathway
304
Supplemental Readings
and References
305
CHAPTER
16
Carbohydrate Metabolism III:
Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, GPI
Anchors, Proteoglycans, and
Peptidoglycans
16.1
Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins
311
N-Glycan Asn-Linked Glycoproteins
312
Phosphorylation of Oligosaccharide Chains on
Lysosomal Enzymes
315
Inhibitors of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis
315
O-Glycan Ser(Thr)-Linked
Oligosaccharides
317
Biosynthesis of GPI-Anchored
Proteins
318
Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids
320
Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans
322
16.2
Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycans
324
Penicillins and Cephalosporins
327
Supplemental Readings
and References
329
General
329
Glycoproteins
329
GPI-Anchored Proteins
329
Glycosphingolipids
329
Glycosaminoglycans and
Proteoglycans
329
Peptidoglycans, Antibiotics, and Resistance
330
CHAPTER
17
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
17.1
Essential and Nonessential
Amino Acids
331
Nitrogen Balance
332
Quality and Quantity of Dietary Protein
Requirement
332
Protein Energy Malnutrition
333
Transport of Amino Acids into Cells
333
General Reactions of Amino Acids
335
Deamination
335
Dehydrogenation of L-Glutamate
336
Transamination
337
Role of Specific Tissues in Amino Acid
Metabolism
338
17.2
Metabolism of Ammonia
340
Urea Synthesis
340
Formation of Carbamoyl Phosphate
341
Formation of Citrulline
342
Formation of Argininosuccinate
342
Formation of Arginine and Fumarate
342
Formation of Urea and Ornithine
343
Energetics of Ureagenesis
343
Hyperammonemias
343
17.3
Metabolism of Some Individual Amino
Acids
345
Arginine
345
Metabolism and Synthesis of Nitric Oxide
345
Isoforms (Also Known as Isozymes) of Nitric Oxide
Synthase
346
